Gender, psychological distress, and subjective well-being two years after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain.

This study aimed to examine gender differences in distress and well-being two years after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, analyzing risk and protective factors for psychological distress and subjective well-being. It is a repeated cross-sectional study with a sample of 1,588 women (50%) and men (50%) from the general Spanish population aged 18-74 years who were assessed online by seven questionnaires and scales. Descriptive, variance, and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were performed. From February to April 2022, 57.4% of women and 38.7% of men had psychological distress, percentages that totaled 50.5% and 41.5%, respectively, from October 2022 to February 2023. Women also had greater perceived vulnerability to diseases, more negative feelings, and lower affect balance, resilience, and self-esteem than men. The most important predictors of greater psychological distress refer to lower self-esteem, resilience, and social support and higher perceived vulnerability to diseases. Other statistically significant predictors included lower educational level in women and neither being married nor living with a partner in men. Lower self-esteem also best predicted lower subjective well-being, with lower social support and lower resilience also constituting significant predictors. Moreover, lower educational level and higher perceived vulnerability to diseases statistically and significantly predicted lower subjective well-being in women, as did not being a student in men. We conclude that psychological distress remains greatly prevalent in Spain two years after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in women.

Gender, psychological distress, and subjective well-being two years after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain / Género, trastorno psicológico y bienestar subjetivo a dos años del inicio de la pandemia de COVID-19 en España / Gênero, distúrbio psicológico e bem-estar subjetivo dois anos após o início da pandemia da COVID-19 na Espanha

Abstract This study aimed to examine gender differences in distress and well-being two years after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, analyzing risk and protective factors for psychological distress and subjective well-being. It is a repeated cross-sectional study with a sample of 1,588 women (50%) and men (50%) from the general Spanish population aged 18-74 years who were assessed online by seven questionnaires and scales. Descriptive, variance, and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were performed. From February to April 2022, 57.4% of women and 38.7% of men had psychological distress, percentages that totaled 50.5% and 41.5%, respectively, from October 2022 to February 2023. Women also had greater perceived vulnerability to diseases, more negative feelings, and lower affect balance, resilience, and self-esteem than men. The most important predictors of greater psychological distress refer to lower self-esteem, resilience, and social support and higher perceived vulnerability to diseases. Other statistically significant predictors included lower educational level in women and neither being married nor living with a partner in men. Lower self-esteem also best predicted lower subjective well-being, with lower social support and lower resilience also constituting significant predictors. Moreover, lower educational level and higher perceived vulnerability to diseases statistically and significantly predicted lower subjective well-being in women, as did not being a student in men. We conclude that psychological distress remains greatly prevalent in Spain two years after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in women.

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar las diferencias de género en distrés psicológico y en el bienestar a dos años del inicio de la pandemia de COVID-19, analizando factores de riesgo y de protección para distrés psicológico y bienestar subjetivo. Se trata de un estudio transversal repetido con una muestra de 1.588 individuos de la población general de España, 50% mujeres y 50% hombres, con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 74 años. Los participantes fueron evaluados en línea mediante 7 cuestionarios y escalas. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos, de varianza y de regresión múltiple jerárquica. Entre febrero y abril del 2022, el 57,4% de las mujeres y el 38,7% de los hombres presentaron distrés psicológico, con porcentajes del 50,5% y 41,5%, respectivamente, entre octubre del 2022 y febrero del 2023. Las mujeres también presentaron una mayor vulnerabilidad percibida a la enfermedad, más sentimientos negativos, menos equilibrio afectivo y menor resiliencia y autoestima que los hombres. Los indicadores más importantes de un mayor distrés psicológico fueron la baja autoestima, la baja resiliencia, el escaso apoyo social y una mayor vulnerabilidad percibida a la enfermedad. Otros indicadores estadísticamente significativos fueron los siguientes: bajo nivel de educación entre las mujeres y no estar casado o no vivir con una compañera entre los hombres. La baja autoestima también fue el mejor indicador de un bajo bienestar subjetivo; además, el escaso apoyo social y la baja resiliencia también fueron indicadores importantes. Además, el bajo nivel de educación y la alta vulnerabilidad percibida a la enfermedad fueron indicadores estadísticamente significativos de bajo bienestar subjetivo entre las mujeres y de no ser estudiantes entre los hombres. Concluimos que el distrés psicológico sigue siendo muy prevalente en España dos años después del inicio de la pandemia de COVID-19, especialmente entre las mujeres.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar as diferenças de gênero em estresse psicológico e no bem-estar dois anos após o início da pandemia da COVID-19, analisando fatores de risco e de proteção para estresse psicológico e bem-estar subjetivo. Este foi um estudo transversal repetido com amostra de 1.588 indivíduos da população geral da Espanha - 50% do sexo feminino e 50% do sexo masculino, com idade entre 18 e 74 anos. Os participantes foram avaliados online por meio de sete questionários e escalas. Foram realizadas análises descritivas, de variância e de regressão múltipla hierárquica. Entre fevereiro e abril de 2022, 57,4% das mulheres e 38,7% dos homens apresentaram estresse psicológico, com porcentagens de 50,5% e 41,5%, respetivamente, entre outubro de 2022 e fevereiro de 2023. As mulheres também apresentaram maior vulnerabilidade percebida à doença, mais sentimentos negativos, menor equilíbrio afetivo e menor resiliência e autoestima do que os homens. Os indicadores mais importantes de maior estresse psicológico foram baixa autoestima, baixa resiliência, baixo apoio social e maior vulnerabilidade percebida à doença. Outros indicadores estatisticamente significativos foram: baixo nível de escolaridade entre as mulheres e não ser casado ou não viver com uma companheira entre os homens. Baixa autoestima também foi o melhor indicador de baixo bem-estar subjetivo; além disso, baixo apoio social e baixa resiliência também foram indicadores significativos. Além disso, baixo nível de escolaridade e alta vulnerabilidade percebida à doença foram indicadores estatisticamente significativos de baixo bem-estar subjetivo entre as mulheres e de não ser estudante entre os homens. Concluímos que estresse psicológico ainda é muito prevalente na Espanha dois anos após o início da pandemia da COVID-19, principalmente entre as mulheres.

Dating Violence and Mental Health in Emerging Adulthood.

Dating violence constitutes a serious social and health problem. This study aims to increase knowledge on dating violence in emerging adulthood by analysing the relevance of gender and of having or not having a current partner in the victimization and perpetration of such violence. It also analyses the association between dating violence and mental health, as well as the relevance of traditional gender role attitudes and the internalization of feminine/expressive and masculine/instrumental traits in the victimization and perpetration of such types of violence. The participants were 930 Spanish emerging adults who were assessed by six self-report questionnaires and scales. Men reported more psychological and physical violence victimization and physical violence perpetration than women, and women and men without a current partner reported more psychological and sexual violence than women and men with a current partner. Dating violence victimization was associated with more mental symptomatology, less life satisfaction, and lower self-esteem in men with a current partner and in women without a current partner. The main predictor of dating violence victimization was dating violence perpetration, and the main predictor of dating violence perpetration was victimization by such violence. More traditional gender role attitudes also predicted greater victimization and perpetration of dating violence, except among women without a current partner.

Gender, life events, and mental well-being in emerging adulthood.

BACKGROUND: Emerging adulthood is a critical period of life involving many life transitions that may generate stress and compromise health and mental well-being. AIMS: To know the most frequent life events of women and men in emerging adulthood, analyzing also the relevance that such stressors have on their psychological well-being and life satisfaction. A second aim is to determine the relevance of age, educational level, most frequent life events, coping styles, and perceived social support as risk and protective factors for well-being. METHOD: The sample consisted of 2,000 individuals from the general Spanish population (55% women), aged between 18 and 29, who were assessed using five questionnaires and scales measuring life events, coping styles, life satisfaction, psychological well-being, and social support. RESULTS: The findings showed that 90% of the sample had experienced one or more life events during the previous year and that a higher number of life events experienced over the past year was associated with lower mental well-being. Multiple regression analyses made clear that, although some events experienced in the previous year (namely, family conflicts and change in the relationship with parents) were associated with lower women's and men's well-being, the most important determinants of well-being in either gender were coping styles; however, some predictors of women's well-being proved different from those of men. In the case of women, family and intimate partner conflicts predicted lower life satisfaction and psychological well-being was lower in the case of family conflicts. As for men, work or academic life events predicted lower life satisfaction. CONCLUSION: These research findings are relevant for the design of programs and strategies to improve mental well-being in emerging adulthood.

Photoredox-based late-stage functionalization in SAR study for in vivo potent glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor.

Glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) has drawn much attention as an attractive protein target in the disease pathways of Parkinson's Disease (PD) and lysosomal storage disorders, such as Gaucher's Disease (GD). In previous our study, T-036 and its analogue, 2a, were discovered as novel GCS inhibitors. To further improve activity of this chemical series, SAR was investigated on the fused pyridyl ring core of 2a by employing a photoredox reaction that significantly reduced synthetic demand. Herein, we successfully applied the decarboxylation C-H alkylation photoredox reaction to introduce a wide variety of substituents at the 6-position of the fused pyridine core scaffold. This quick SAR acquisition facilitated the swift identification of the potent GCS inhibitors 2b (IC50 = 5.9 nM) and 2g (IC50 = 3.6 nM). Moreover, 2b exhibited superior in vivo potency to that of our previously reported lead compound, T-036.

Decarboxylative N-Alkylation of Azoles through Visible-Light-Mediated Organophotoredox Catalysis.

An organophotoredox-catalyzed decarboxylative cross-coupling between azole nucleophiles and aliphatic carboxylic acid-derived redox-active esters is demonstrated. This protocol efficiently installs various tertiary or secondary alkyl fragments onto the nitrogen atom of azole nucleophiles under mild and transition-metal-free conditions. The pyridinium additive successfully inhibits the formation of elimination byproducts from the carbocation intermediate. This reaction is applicable to the synthesis of a protein-degrader-like molecule containing an azole and a thalidomide.

Radical Hydroalkylation and Hydroacylation of Alkenes by the Use of Benzothiazoline under Thermal Conditions.

The hydroalkylation and hydroacylation of electron-deficient alkenes proceeded smoothly by using benzothiazoline derivatives as radical-transfer reagents under thermal conditions without light irradiation or any additive. Both benzyl and benzoyl moieties were transferred efficiently.

Stress and Psychological Distress in Emerging Adulthood: A Gender Analysis.

Emerging adulthood is a critical period of life that entails many life transitions in living arrangements, relationships, education and employment, which can generate stress and psychological distress in the emerging adult. The aim of the present study was to assess the relevance of stress, coping styles, self-esteem and perceived social support in the distress of emerging adult women and men. The sample consists of 4816 people (50% females) from the Spanish general population, ranging in age from 18 to 29 years old. All participants were assessed through questionnaires and scales that assess psychological distress, stress, coping styles, self-esteem and social support. Women scored higher than men in psychological distress, chronic stress, minor daily hassles, emotional coping style and social support, whereas men scored higher than women in rational and detachment coping styles and in self-esteem. Psychological distress was significantly predicted in women and men by high emotional coping style, lower self-esteem, high number of life events, and less social support. Another statistically significant predictor in men was less detachment coping style, whereas in women it was high chronic stress. The results of this research are relevant to healthcare professionals interested in improving the mental health of the emerging adult.

Gender and psychological well-being in older adults.

OBJECTIVES: Gender is an important social determinant of health, but gender has played only a marginal role in the geriatric and gerontology research and practice. The aim of this study was to examine the relevance of gender to the psychological well-being of older adults. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted. SETTING: The study was carried out in Spain. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1,201 people aged between 65 and 94. MEASUREMENTS: The participants completed sociodemographic data and four questionnaires: The Bem sex role inventory, the Ryff's psychological well-being scale, the York self-esteem inventory, and the Social support scale. RESULTS: Men scored higher than women in self-acceptance, autonomy, purpose in life, and environmental mastery. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that, although the most important predictors of psychological well-being in both women and men were self-esteem and social support, both masculine/instrumental and feminine/expressive traits were associated with higher psychological well-being, although the effect size was higher for the masculine/instrumental trait. Furthermore, education was associated with psychological well-being in the case of females. CONCLUSIONS: Gender plays an important role in the psychological well-being of older adults. The results of this research are relevant for healthcare providers and policy-makers interested in promoting successful aging and increasing the well-being of older people.

Benzothiazolines as radical transfer reagents: hydroalkylation and hydroacylation of alkenes by radical generation under photoirradiation conditions.

Novel radical transfer reagents under photoirradiation conditions were developed by the use of benzothiazoline derivatives. These reagents enabled both hydroalkylation and hydroacylation of alkenes under neutral conditions at ambient temperature without any toxic reagents or an excess amount of metals. A mechanistic study was carried out to elucidate the radical process.

Identification of potassium channel proteins Kv7.2/7.3 as common partners of the dopamine and glutamate transporters DAT and GLT-1.

Dopamine and glutamate transporters (DAT and GLT-1, respectively) share some biophysical characteristics, as both are secondary active carriers coupled to electrochemical ion gradients. In order to identify common or specific components of their respective proteomes, we performed a proximity labelling assay (BioID) in the hippocampal cell line HT22. While most of the identified proteins were specific for each transporter (and will be analyzed elsewhere), we detected two membrane proteins in the shared interactome of GLT-1 and DAT: the transmembrane protein 263 (Tmem263) and the potassium channel protein Kv7.3. However, only Kv7.3 formed immunoprecipitable complexes with GLT-1 and DAT in lysates of transfected HEK293 cells. Moreover, either DAT or GLT-1 co-clustered with Kv7.2/7.3 along the axonal tracts in co-transfected primary neurons, indicating a close spatial proximity between these proteins. Kv7.3, forming heterotetramers with the closely related subunit Kv7.2, underlies the M-currents that control the resting membrane potential and spiking activity in neurons. To investigate whether the presence of the potassium channel affected DAT or GLT-1 function, we performed uptake determinations using radioactive substrate and electrophysiological measurements. Uptake through both transporters was mildly stimulated by the presence of the channel, an effect that was reversed by the potassium channel blocker XE-991. Electrophysiological recording (in transfected HT22 and differentiated SH-SY5Y cells) indicated that the depolarizing effect induced by the presence of the neurotransmitter was reverted by the activity of the potassium channel. Altogether, these data suggest a tight spatial and functional relationship between the DAT/GLT-1 transporters and the Kv7.2/7.3 potassium channel that immediately readjusts the membrane potential of the neuron, probably to limit the neurotransmitter-mediated neuronal depolarization. This article is part of the issue entitled 'Special Issue on Neurotransmitter Transporters'.

Activity dependent internalization of the glutamate transporter GLT-1 requires calcium entry through the NCX sodium/calcium exchanger.

GLT-1 is the main glutamate transporter in the brain and its trafficking controls its availability at the cell surface, thereby shaping glutamatergic neurotransmission under physiological and pathological conditions. Extracellular glutamate is known to trigger ubiquitin-dependent GLT-1 internalization from the surface of the cell to the intracellular compartment, yet here we show that internalization also requires the participation of calcium ions. Consistent with previous studies, the addition of glutamate (1 mM) to mixed primary cultures (containing neurons and astrocytes) promotes GLT-1 internalization, an effect that was suppressed in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. The pathways of Ca2+ mobilization by astrocytes were analyzed in these mixed cultures using the genetically encoded calcium sensor GCaMP6f. A complex pattern of calcium entry was activated by glutamate, with a dramatic and rapid rise in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration partially driven by glutamate transporters, especially in the initial stages after exposure to glutamate. The Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) plays a dominant role in this Ca2+ mobilization and its blockade suppresses the glutamate induced internalization of GLT-1, both in astrocytes and in a more straightforward experimental system like HEK293 cells transiently transfected with GLT-1. This regulatory mechanism might be relevant to control the amount of GLT-1 transporter at the cell surface in conditions like ischemia or traumatic brain injury, where extracellular concentrations of glutamate are persistently elevated and they promote rapid Ca2+ mobilization.

Identification of novel regulatory partners of the glutamate transporter GLT-1.

We used proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) to find proteins that potentially interact with the major glial glutamate transporter, GLT-1, and we studied how these interactions might affect its activity. GTPase Rac1 was one protein identified, and interfering with its GTP/GDP cycle in mixed primary rat brain cultures affected both the clustering of GLT-1 at the astrocytic processes and the transport kinetics, increasing its uptake activity at low micromolar glutamate concentrations in a manner that was dependent on the effector kinase PAK1 and the actin cytoskeleton. Interestingly, the same manipulations had a different effect on another glial glutamate transporter, GLAST, inhibiting its activity. Importantly, glutamate acts through metabotropic receptors to stimulate the activity of Rac1 in astrocytes, supporting the existence of cross-talk between extracellular glutamate and the astrocytic form of the GLT-1 regulated by Rac1. CDC42EP4/BORG4 (a CDC42 effector) was also identified in the BioID screen, and it is a protein that regulates the assembly of septins and actin fibers, influencing the organization of the cytoskeleton. We found that GLT-1 interacts with septins, which reduces its lateral mobility at the cell surface. Finally, the G-protein subunit GNB4 dampens the activity of GLT-1, as revealed by its response to the activator peptide mSIRK, both in heterologous systems and in primary brain cultures. This effect occurs rapidly and thus, it is unlikely to depend on cytoskeletal dynamics. These novel interactions shed new light on the events controlling GLT-1 activity, thereby helping us to better understand how glutamate homeostasis is maintained in the brain.

Propiedades psicométricas de una versión española breve de 30 ítems del Cuestionario de Ansiedad y Depresión (MASQE30) / Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Version of 30-Item Brief Depression and Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire (MASQS30)

Resumen Se presenta en esta investigación una versión corta de 30 ítems del Mood and Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire ([MASQ]; Cuestionario de Síntomas de Ansiedad y del Humor) diseñado para medir las tres dimensiones del modelo tripartito de la ansiedad y la depresión, a saber, el Afecto Negativo (AN), el Afecto Positivo (AP) y la Ansiedad Somática (AS). Esta adaptación es una versión holandesa que se administró a una muestra de la población general canaria. Los objetivos propuestos son conocer la validez de constructo del MASQE30, mediante análisis factoriales exploratorio y confirmatorio, así como sus propiedades psicométricas y la validez convergente, discriminante y predictiva con ansiedad y depresión evaluadas con cuestionarios. Los resultados confirman la adecuada validez de constructo del MASQE30, así como coeficientes de consistencia interna que oscilan entre 0.88 y 0.92 y una estabilidad temporal que va desde 0.47 a 0.68. Los resultados corroboran que el AN y AS son compartidos por la ansiedad y la depresión, y el AP es específico de la depresión. El AN y AP corroboran las predicciones del modelo, pero no el resultado de AS. Se propone el MASQE30 como un instrumento adecuado para el estudio dimensional de la depresión y la ansiedad en población clínica y comunitaria.

Abstract In this investigation, we present a short 30-item version of the Mood and Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire (MASQS30), designed to measure the three dimensions of the tripartite model of anxiety and depression, namely, negative affect (NA), positive affect (PA), and somatic anxiety (SA). This adaptation is from a Dutch version that we administered to a sample of the general canarian population. The proposed goals are to determine the construct validity of the MASQS30 through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, as well as its psychometric properties, and convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity with anxiety and depression as assessed through questionnaires. The results confirm adequate construct validity of the MASQS30, as well as internal consistency coefficients ranging between 0.88 and 0.92, and temporal stability, ranging from 0.47 to 0.68. The results corroborate that NA and SA are shared by anxiety and depression, whereas PA is specific to depression. NA and PA corroborate the predictions of the model, but the result of SA does not. The MASQS30 is proposed as an adequate instrument for the dimensional study of depression and anxiety in clinical and community population.

Glycine Transporters and Its Coupling with NMDA Receptors.

Glycine plays two roles in neurotransmission. In caudal areas like the spinal cord and the brainstem, it acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, but in all regions of the CNS, it also works as a co-agonist with L-glutamate at N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs). The glycine fluxes in the CNS are regulated by two specific transporters for glycine, GlyT1 and GlyT2, perhaps with the cooperation of diverse neutral amino acid transporters like Asc-1 or SNAT5/SN2. While GlyT2 and Asc-1 are neuronal proteins, GlyT1 and SNAT5 are mainly astrocytic, although neuronal forms of GlyT1 also exist. GlyT1 has attracted considerable interest from the medical community and the pharmaceutical industry since compelling evidence indicates a clear association with the functioning of NMDARs, whose activity is decreased in various psychiatric illnesses. By controlling extracellular glycine, transporter inhibitors might potentiate the activity of NMDARs without activating excitotoxic processes. Physiologically, GlyT1 is a central actor in the cross talk between glutamatergic, glycinergic, dopaminergic, and probably other neurotransmitter systems. Many of these relationships begin to be unraveled by studies performed in recent years using genetic and pharmacological models. These studies are also clarifying the interactions between glycine, glycine transporters, and other co-agonists of the glycine site of NMDARs like D-serine. These findings are also relevant to understand the pathophysiology of devastating diseases like schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, epilepsy, stroke, and chronic pain.

Rumination, worry and negative problem orientation: transdiagnostic processes of anxiety, eating behavior and mood disorders / Ruminação, preocupação e orientação negativa ao problema: processos transdiagnósticos [RD1] dos transtornos de ansiedade, do comportamento alimentar e do humor / Rumiación, preocupación y orientación negativa al problema: procesos transdiagnósticos de los trastornos de ansiedad, de la conducta alimentaria y del estado de ánimo

Abstract This research presents the relationship between the cognitive processes of negative problem orientation, trait worry and rumination, with anxious and depressive symptomatology and difficulties in eating behavior. The study was conducted with a non-clinical and intentional sample of 176 adults from the island of Tenerife. Data were analyzed using the Pearson Chi-square coefficient, Student's t, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and hierarchical regressions. Results confirm that negative problem orientation and trait worry are transdiagnostic factors for panic symptoms and agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia and behavioral eating, whereas brooding is a transdiagnostic factor for depression, posttraumatic stress disorder and behavioral eating. Reflection has a relationship with social phobia. Results are discussed on the basis of the theoretical model of social phobia and posttraumatic stress. Future investigation on brooding and reflection according to the theory of cognitive avoidance is proposed.

Resumo Este estudo apresenta as relações existentes entre os processos cognitivos de orientação negativa ao problema, preocupação e ruminação, com a sintomatologia ansiosa, depressiva e a presente em dificuldades no comportamento alimentar. Utilizou-se uma amostra não clínica e intencionada de 176 pessoas adultas da ilha de Tenerife (Espanha[RD2] ). Os dados foram analisados mediante o coeficiente de Qui-quadrado de Pearson (c2), o t de Student, o coeficiente de correlação r de Pearson e regressões hierárquicas. Constata-se que a orientação negativa ao problema e a preocupação são transdiagnósticos para os sintomas de agorafobia e pânico, ansiedade generalizada, fobia social e controle da comida; enquanto a rejeição é comum à sintomatologia depressiva, ao estresse pós-traumático e ao regime. A fobia social também se relaciona com o processo reflexivo. Os resultados são discutidos a partir do [RD3] modelo teórico da fobia social e do estresse pós-traumático, e propõe-se a pesquisa futura das rejeições e da reflexão, atendendo à teoria da evitação cognitiva.

Resumen Este estudio presenta las relaciones existentes entre los procesos cognitivos de orientación negativa al problema, preocupación y rumiación, con la sintomatologia ansiosa, depresiva y la presente en dificultades en la conducta alimentaria. Se utilizó una muestra no clínica e intencionada de 176 personas adultas de la isla de Tenerife. Los datos se analizan mediante el coeficiente de Chi-cuadrado de Pearson (x2), la t de Student, el coeficiente de correlación r de Pearson y regresiones jerárquicas. Se constata que la orientación negativa al problema y la preocupación son transdiagnósticos para los síntomas de agorafobia y pánico, ansiedad generalizada, fobia social y control de la comida; mientras que los reproches son comunes a la sintomatología depresiva, el estrés postraumático y la dieta, y que la fobia social también se relaciona con el proceso reflexivo. Los resultados se discuten a partir el modelo teórico de la fobia social y el estrés postraumático, y se propone la investigación futura de los reproches y la reflexión, atendiendo a la teoría de la evitación cognitiva.

Glycinergic transmission: glycine transporter GlyT2 in neuronal pathologies.

Glycinergic neurons are major contributors to the regulation of neuronal excitability, mainly in caudal areas of the nervous system. These neurons control fluxes of sensory information between the periphery and the CNS and diverse motor activities like locomotion, respiration or vocalization. The phenotype of a glycinergic neuron is determined by the expression of at least two proteins: GlyT2, a plasma membrane transporter of glycine, and VIAAT, a vesicular transporter shared by glycine and GABA. In this article, we review recent advances in understanding the role of GlyT2 in the pathophysiology of inhibitory glycinergic neurotransmission. GlyT2 mutations are associated to decreased glycinergic function that results in a rare movement disease termed hyperekplexia (HPX) or startle disease. In addition, glycinergic neurons control pain transmission in the dorsal spinal cord and their function is reduced in chronic pain states. A moderate inhibition of GlyT2 may potentiate glycinergic inhibition and constitutes an attractive target for pharmacological intervention against these devastating conditions.

8-Iodonaphthalene-1-carbaldehyde: A Versatile Building Block for Diversity-Oriented Synthesis.

The scarcely studied 8-halonaphthalene-1-carbaldehyde structure has been converted into the corresponding Ellman's imine and subjected to several transformations, thus achieving an assorted library of polycyclic carbo- and heterocycles. The potential of this scaffold for Diversity-Oriented Synthesis has been shown. Most of these skeletons are unprecedented and, therefore, cover unexplored regions of the chemical space.